3. Entering the Linux Hall: 35 questions
20. What are the hardware requirements when installing Linux?
Linux has very low hardware requirements and can run on IBM PCs with CPUs of more than 386 and memory of more than 8M. However, due to insufficient support from device manufacturers, Linux does not support many new devices very well, and the drivers of new devices are always one step slower.
21. What preparations are needed to install Linux?
1) Collect system information: record the memory size, CDROM interface type, SCSI card model, network card model, mouse type, graphics card chipset, clock chip, video memory size and other related information;
2) Check the CMOS settings, turn off virus development, and set it to boot from the optical drive;
3) If your Linux installation disk cannot start by itself, you still need to create a boot disk;
4) Make hard disk space for Linux installation, preferably about 1G.
22. What basic knowledge should be done before installing Linux?
When installing Linux, at least two partitions are required: Linux native primary partition and Linux Swap swap partition. The main partition is used to store Linux files, and the swap partition provides virtual memory for running Linux.
Each swap area has 8-256M, and there can be up to 8. Generally, one can be built with a large amount of memory.
In DOS, regardless of whether physically or logically, each partition is an independent part, such as: C drive, D drive, and E drive, each disk has a root directory. In Linux, it is physically partitioned, while logically all partitions are a whole, and there is only one root directory in Linux.
How to name my hard drive?
Linux's processing of hard disks is basically the same as that of DOS systems, first making partitions and then formatting. The commands for partitions are different. Under DOS, each partition is represented by an English letter, while in Linux it is more flexible. It identifies the hard disk partition by a combination of letters and numbers.
For example, "hda1", hd is a part that represents the IDE hard disk. If it is a SCSI hard disk, it is sa; a represents the main hard disk of IDE1 port (2 represents the IDE1 port slave hard disk, 3 represents the IDE2 port master hard disk, and 4 represents the IDE2 port slave hard disk); the last number represents the partition order on the device. The first four partitions (main partition and extended partition) are represented by 1-4, and the soft logical partition starts from 5.
24. How to install Linux?
The installation methods provided by each Linux distribution are different, but generally go through the following stages:
1) Some basic settings: such as installation language and keyboard;
2) Hard disk partitioning and formatting: Generally, distributions provide graphical interfaces. If you are not familiar with hard disk partitioning, it is best to do it under the guidance of an expert;
3) Select the software package to be installed: It is recommended that beginners install all of them and re-customize them after they get familiar with them, so as not to lose this or that during the learning process;
4) Equipment configuration: such as printer, network card, graphics card, etc., please choose according to the actual situation;
5) Install LILO: It is recommended to install it on the main boot fan and use LILO to complete multi-system boot;
6) Set password for Linux superuser root.
You can refer to the relevant information of each Linux to try to install it.
25. How to install multiple systems on a hard disk?
Many Linux enthusiasts hope to install Linux while retaining Windows 9x as a system. In order to be able to automatically select multiple systems, a startup manager is needed. Linux has a good startup manager---lilo.
So when installing multiple operating systems, you only need to install other operating systems first, finally install Linux, and install lilo on the main boot fan. When restarting the system, lilo will appear: Wait for you to select the operating system you want to start.
26. How to configure linux startup manager lilo?
Modify /etc/ file as needed, and then execute /sbin/lilo to make the settings take effect. Here is an example of a file:
boot=/dev/hda
map=/boot/map
install=/boot/
prompt
timeout=50
default=linux
image=/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.5-15
label=linux
root=/dev/hda1
initrd=/boot/initrd-2.2.
read-only
other=/dev/hda2
label=windows
Among them, timeout is used to set the time when lilo waits for input, which means that if you do not select for 5 seconds, you will enter the default;
The default option is used to specify which system to start by default;
The image section is used to specify the startup information of Linux, including the startup location and name --linux;
The other section is used to specify the startup information of other systems, including the startup location and name.
27. How to start and shut down the system?
Starting Linux is very simple. Just select linux (enter linux) in lilo. During the startup process, a lot of information will be written to the console until the user login prompt login:, enter the user name and password to log in to the system and start exploring the Linux world.
Be sure to be careful when shutting down the computer. You cannot turn off the computer directly, as it will damage the Linux file system. You can use the following command to implement it:
1) Reboot: execute the reboot command or press Ctrl+Alt+Del keys at the same time;
2) Close the system: execute the shutdown -h now command.
What is the difference between the following directory and DOS/Windows?
Linux's file system is similar to DOS and also adopts a tree structure. But one thing that represents the directory is completely different. Linux uses "/" to represent the root directory, while DOS uses "" to represent the root directory. The following are the commonly used directories in Linux as commands:
1) "mkdir directory name": create a directory;
2) "rmdir directory name": delete the empty directory;
3) "cd directory name": change the directory;
Note: There must be spaces between cd and directory name. For example, when you go to the root directory, you need to use "cd /" instead of "cd/"
4) "pwd": Check the directory you are in;
29. How to make files in Linux?
You can use the ls -l command to list the detailed information of the directory, which is equivalent to the DOS DIR command. The output of the ls command is as follows:
total 2
drwxr-xr-x 2 xu user 1024 Mar 13 0:34 sub1
-rw-r----- l xu user 678 Jun 15 1:45
The leftmost column is file/directory permissions, the third column is the owner information, the fourth column is the user group where the owner is located, the fifth column is the size of the space occupied, the next is the date and time, and the last column is the file/directory name. The following are some commonly used files as commands:
rm: delete file more: browse file cp: copy file
30. How to edit a text file?
You can use vi to edit a file, which is the most popular word processing tool in the Unix world, and this editor is available on almost all UNIX machines.
1) Start vi: Execute "vi file name". Once you start vi is in the command state, you can enter various commands of vi but cannot edit them;
2) Save: w, save and exit: wq, do not save and exit: q!;
3) Enter the editing state: Insert: i, add: a;
4) Exit editing status: Press the ESC key;
5) After entering the editing state, it is very similar to edit under DOS;
6) There are some commonly used commands in the command state:
x Delete the character where the cursor is located;
dd Delete the column where the cursor is located.
31. After installing Linux, there are a lot of things in the root directory. What are they?
/bin: store the most commonly used commands;
/boot: The core file that starts Linux;
/dev: device file;
/etc: Store various configuration files;
/home: user home directory;
/lib: The most basic dynamic link sharing library in the system;
/mnt: It is usually empty and is used to temporarily mount other file systems;
/proc: Virtual directory, is a memory map;
/sbin: The system administrator command storage directory;
/usr: the largest directory, licensed applications and files;
/usr/X11R6: X-Window directory;
/usr/src: Linux source code;
/usr/include: system header file;
/usr/lib: store commonly used dynamic link sharing libraries and static archive libraries;
/usr/bin, /usr/sbin: This is a supplement to /bin and /sbin;
32. How to install a network card?
You can use root to log in and run netconf to install the network card. Enter the device name of the network card, select the module number of the network card, IO address, IRQ interrupt and other information, and then save the disk and exit, and execute: /etc///network restart;
If your network card is not listed in the optional network card module list, you need to download the driver and compile it into a module. Finally, use the "insmod module name" command to complete the installation.
33. How to drive the D-Link DE220 network card?
D-Link's DE220 is a cost-effective ISA network card that supports plug and play. But it is precisely because of the plug and play function that it will encounter some troubles when installing it under Linux:
1) In the DOS environment, use a tool setup in the driver disk of the DE220 network card to set it to non-PNP;
2) Go to the Windows control panel to get its IO address and interrupt number. Generally, the IO address is 240 and the interrupt number is 10;
3) Start Linux, execute "netconf" after logging in, set the first network card to Enable, the device name is eth0, the module is ne, the IO address is 0x240, and the IRQ is 10;
4) After saving and exit, run /etc///network restart.
34. How to drive the D-Link DFE530 TX network card?
The D-Link 530 TX network card is a 10M/100M adaptive PCI network card with good cost performance. It has a large user base, but Linux is not listed in the list in the installation wizard.
In fact, Linux generally includes the driver module of this network card: you can directly execute "insmod tulip" to complete the installation of the network card.
35. How to drive the D-Link DFE540 TX network card?
If your network card is D-Link DFE540 TX, then do not select the network card during installation, otherwise it may cause some unnecessary trouble.
1) Download the latest file and copy it to /usr/src/tulip;
2) Execute the following command to compile and generate:
#cd /usr/src/tulip
#gcc -DMODVERSIONS -DMODULE -D__KERNEL__ -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O6 -c
3) Execute insmod;
4) Execute /etc///network restart to make the network card take effect.
36. How to drive the Davicom 9201 network card?
Davicom 9201 PCI network card cannot be completed directly when installing Linux. In fact, most Linux distributions provide driver modules for this network card - if your machine also has this kind of network card, you can skip the network card configuration when installing Linux, after installing the startup system and logging in, execute the "insmod dmfe" command to add the driver module, and then execute "/etc///network restart".
37. How to drive the second network card?
In Linux system, you can easily use the configuration tool netconf to install the second network card. Select the second network card in netconf. Device name: eth1, select its driver module, enter the IO address and IRQ interrupt number, and after saving and exiting, execute:
/etc///network restart
38. How to drive a normal sound card?
A very convenient sound card configuration tool sndconfig is provided in Linux systems. If your sound card is popular, you can use it to drive your sound card:
1) Log in to the system with root and run /usr/sbin/sndconfig;
2) Select the sound card that suits you from the sound card selection list. You can use SoundBlaster for ordinary sound cards;
3) After selecting, sndconfig requires you to set the IO address and IRQ interrupt number of the sound card, and choose according to your actual situation;
4) Press the OK button after setting up, and if you hear Linus speaking, you will be done.
39. How to drive the YAMAHA719 sound card?
The driver of the Yamaha719 sound stuck under Linux is very troublesome:
1) Recompile the core, do not select sound cards such as SB or SB PRO, and select the chip of CRYSTAL SOFTWARE…;
2) Then, reconfigure the sound card and select the CS4xxx option;
3) Then fill in the corresponding I/O address, IRQ interrupt, and DMA.
If your sound card is Yamaha 724, please use OSS to solve it.
40. How to use OSS, the universal sound card installer?
OSS is a commercial software that solves the problem of difficulty in configuring sound cards under Linux. It supports most Linux distributions.
1) Unzip the downloaded OSS package:
tar zxvf
2) Execute ./oss-install in the unwritten directory. The program will generally prompt you that other sound card modules have been installed and choose to remove them;
3) The next step is to process the process, protocol and a lot of things, accept the protocol installation, and use the default installation path (/usr/lib/oss);
4) Oss can generally automatically detect most sound cards. If it matches your actual situation, directly select "Save changes and Exit.." in the menu to complete the settings;
5) You can use the /usr/lib/oss/soundon command to open the oss driver and use /usr/lib/osssoundoff to close the oss driver.
41. How to use the universal sound card installer ALSA?
ALSA, Advanced Linux Sound Architecture, is a universal PCI sound card solution software that complies with GPL copyright. This software includes two formats: rpm and tar. The rpm format is easier to install. Here we will introduce it with rpm package as an example.
1) Download the following four files:
alsa-driver-0.4.1d-1.
alsa-lib-0.4.1d-1.
alsa-utils-0.4.1-1.
alsaconf-0.4.1-1.
2) Execute the following command to complete the installation:
rpm -ivh alsa-driver-0.4.1d-1.
rpm -ivh alsa-lib-0.4.1d-1.
rpm -ivh alsa-utils-0.4.1-1.
rpm -ivh alsaconf-0.4.1-1.
3) Then execute the alsaconf command to select the appropriate sound card type;
4) Restart the system and execute the command: /usr/doc/alsa-driver/snddvices
How to install Modem?
1) Check what port your Modem is located in Windows;
2) Use Modem in Linux by directly interacting with the port, and its corresponding relationship is as follows:
COM1：/dev/cau0 COM2：/dev/cau1
COM3：/dev/cau2 COM4：/dev/cau3
3) Set the maximum speed of Modem:
#setserial /dev/cau1 (maximum rate is set to 57600bps)
#setserial /dev/cau1 (maximum rate is set to 115200bps)
43. What if you can access the Internet through Modem?
1) Execute the command ln /dev/modem /dev/cau1 (based on the actual situation)
2) Create a script: touch sw, join:
/usr/sbin/pppd connect ′/usr/sbin/chat ″ ″ ATDT163 CONNECT ″ ″ ogin:username word:password ′ /dev/modem 38400 modem defaultrout
Substitute username and password with your Internet account and password.
3) You can also use the kppp tool in KDE to easily implement it.
Is there a graphical interface under it?
In order to improve the graphical interface of the Unix system, MIT began an X-window development plan in 1984. Through more than ten years of development, the free software X-window has become the de facto standard for the graphical interface of the Unix/Linux world.
X-window is divided into three levels:
1) X-Window's underlying library is the lowest implementation layer;
2) X-SERVER, the intermediate layer related to graphics cards;
3) Window manager, implementing end user interfaces, such as KDE, GNOME, etc.
45. How to configure X-Window?
The so-called configuration of X-Window is to select X-SERVER based on the actual device of the machine. It can be configured through programs such as xf86config or Xconfigure of the graphical interface.
1) Run the Xconfigure program and select the appropriate graphics card type. If not, you need to download the graphics card driver;
2) Select the video memory size, and X-SERVER;
3) Choose the right resolution and color depth combination
4) After the save disk is exited, run startx and start X-Window.
46. How to drive the Intel i740 graphics card?
If your Linux does not recognize i740, you can do this:
1) Download the new graphics card database and i740 XBF driver:
xf86config-glibc-1.0.0. and
2) Unzip these two packages and overwrite the original directory:
tar xvfz /tmp/xf86config*.tgz
tar xvfz /tmp/
3) Execute cp /usr/X11R6/bin/XFCom_i740 /usr/X11R6/bin/XF86_XBF_i740;
4) Use xf86config to configure: select 6 for the display horizontal scanning frequency; select 2 for the vertical refresh frequency; select 311 (i.e. i740); select 5 for the graphics card server type;
5) Just run startx after the configuration is completed.
47. How to drive the Intel i810 graphics card?
Intel's two major graphics cards i740 and i810 have brought a lot of trouble to Linux enthusiast drivers. In order to support Linux with practical actions, Intel has specially introduced in detail on the website how to configure i810 graphics cards under Linux. You can download and install instructions and software at the following URL:
48. How to drive a Savage4 graphics card?
1) Download the driver of savage2000;
2) Unlock the driver using the tar -xvfz file name;
3) After decompression, you can see five files, one of which is XF86_SVGA;
4) Back up /usr/X11R6/bin/XF86_SVGA, then copy the new XF86_SVGA to this directory and replace this file;
5) Re-run the xf86config configuration, do not select the graphics card, and when selecting X-server, select 3 (that is, SVGA), and do not detect;
6) After completion, run startx -bpp32 and it's fine.
49. How to drive a SAVAGE3D graphics card?
1) Download the driver for Savage3D graphics card: SavageX_0_1_4.;
2) Unzip this program and replace the original file of /usr/X11R6/bin with the new XF86_SVGA;
3) Run Xconfigurator, select Unlisted Card when configuring the graphics card, and then select Xserver as SVGA;
4) After completion, run startx and run x-win.
50. Is there a general graphics card driving method?
Due to limited support from graphics card manufacturers, driving graphics cards under Linux has always been a difficult problem. To solve this problem, Linux 2. above versions provide a new solution - using frame buffer devices, using the VESA VBE 2.0 standard, using the graphics card SVGA characteristics, and using XF86_FBDev of XFree86 to drive your graphics card. This can indeed help you.
1) Confirm that you have XF86_FBDev file
2) Execute "mknod /dev/fb0 c 29 0" to create a frame buffer device;
3) Modify /etc/ file and add:
image = /boot/vmlinuz-2.2.5-fb (newly compiled kernel)
label = linuxfb (start label, can be customized)
root = /dev/hda2 (see other parts)
vga = 0x314 (display mode, refer to the table below)
Attachment: Display mode table
640x480 800x600 1024x768 1280x1024
256 colors 0x301 0x303 0x305 0x307
32k color 0x310 0x313 0x316 0x319
64k color 0x311 0x314 0x317 0x31A
16M color 0x312 0x315 0x318 0x31B
4) Execute /sbin/lilo to make the configuration take effect, then restart the system and start the system with a new kernel. Of course, if your kernel already supports it, there is no need to make this modification, just add the line vga=.
5) Then configure the frame buffer Server: refer to the configuration of vga in /etc/X11/XF86Config, add a screen section as follows:
Section "Screen"
Driver "fbdev"
Device "My Video Card"
Monitor "MAG XJ500T"
Subsection "Display"
Depth 16 (The color depth must be consistent with the color depth of the display mode selected earlier)
Modes "default"
ViewPort 0 0
EndSubsection
EndSection
6) Point X to XF6_FBDev:
cd /etc/X11
mv X
ln -snf /usr/X11R6/bin/XF86_FBDev X
51. How to access the Internet through ISDN?
ISDN applications are becoming more and more popular. They are fast and cheap, and are very popular among netizens. So how to access the Internet through ISDN under Linux?
1) Make sure your Linux kernel already contains support modules for ISDN;
2) Drive ISDN card:
For non-plug and play Teles 16.3 ISDN cards, you can use the command:
＃modeprobe hisax io=0x180 irq=10 type=3 protocol=2 id=isdn0
For plug and play, use:
＃pnpdump〉/etc/
＃isapnp/etc/
＃modprobe hisax irq=10 io=0x680 type=14 protocol=2 id=isdn0
3) Install Isdn4Linux, then execute the "" script program in the scripts directory, and add the ISDN device;
4) Execute the echo 1〉/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_dynaddr command to support dynamic IP;
5) Then write a script using ISDN according to the PPP script.
52. How to use optical drive under Linux?
1) Create a directory to hang the CD directory tree:
mkdir /mnt/cdrom
Of course, the directory name can be named according to your own habits;
2) Insert the CD and execute the "mount -t iso9660 /dev/hdc /mnt/floppy" command; note that if your optical drive is connected to the slave disk of the first hard disk line, you need to change /dev/hdc to /dev/hdb;
3) Then you can access the CD by accessing /mnt/cdrom;
4) When you do not use it, execute "umount /mnt/cdrom" and then remove the CD.
53. How to use a floppy drive under Linux?
1) Similar to CD, create a floppy directory;
2) After inserting the floppy disk, execute the "mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy" command. Note: If the floppy disk is in the format of a long file name, change the "msdos" in the previous command to "vfat". If it is in the format of Linux file, remove "-t msdos";
3) When you do not use it, execute "umount /mnt/floppy" and then remove the floppy disk.
54. How to read contents of non-Linux partitions under Linux?
1) Create a directory: mkdir /mnt/other
2) Execute the "mount -t file system type partition /mnt/other" command;
Note: File system types include: modos-FAT16, vfat-FAT32, ntfs-NTFS;
A partition refers to the device name of the partition.
3) When you do not need to use it, execute "umount /mnt/other".