MySQL high availability and extension
As one of the most popular open source databases, MySQL is often used to handle large amounts of data and requests. However, with the increase in data volume and user volume, how to ensure high availability and scalability of databases has become an important challenge.
In this article, we will dive into the high availability and scaling strategies of MySQL, including master-slave replication and read-write separation, MySQL clustering and load balancing, distributed database architecture, and horizontal and vertical scaling of databases.
Each topic will contain code examples to help you better understand and apply these strategies and techniques.
Master-slave copying and read-write separation
Master-slave replication is a common architecture of MySQL that allows you to copy data from a database server (master server) to one or more database servers (slave servers).
The master server handles all write operations (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE), while the slave server handles all read operations (SELECT).
This architecture not only improves the performance of read operations, but also serves as part of data backup and failure recovery.
To set up master-slave replication, you need to enable binary logs on the master server and set a unique server ID for each slave server.
Here is a sample configuration:
#Master server /etc/mysql/[mysqld] log-bin=mysql-bin server-id=1 # From the server /etc/mysql/[mysqld] server-id=2
Then you need to create a user for replication on the main server and give that userREPLICATION SLAVEPermissions:
CREATE USER 'repl'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'password'; GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'repl'@'%';
Finally, you need to start replication on the slave server and specify the address, port, username and password of the master server:
CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='master_host', MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='password', MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000001', MASTER_LOG_POS=0; START SLAVE;
Read and write separation refers to the separate processing of the read operation and write operation of the database, usually sending the write operation to the master server and sending the read operation to the slave server.
This can effectively share the load of the database and improve the performance and throughput of the database.
MySQL cluster and load balancing
MySQL cluster is a high availability solution that ensures data consistency and availability by replicating data between multiple nodes. If one node fails, the other nodes can take over immediately, providing seamless service.
The configuration and management of MySQL clusters are quite complex, involving multiple components and parameters. Usually, we use MySQL Cluster CGE (Commercial Grade Edition) or some third-party tools such as Percona XtraDB Cluster to build and manage clusters.
Load balancing is another strategy to improve database performance, distributes database requests to multiple servers to allocate load and increase throughput. MySQL load balancing can be achieved through hardware (such as a load balancer) or software (such as a proxy server).
Distributed database architecture
As the amount of data grows, a single database server may not be able to meet the demand. At this time, you can consider using a distributed database architecture to distribute data to multiple database servers.
A distributed database can be implemented by horizontal partitioning (storing different rows in different databases) or vertical partitioning (storing different columns in different databases). Which partitioning strategy to choose depends on your specific needs and data characteristics.
In MySQL, you can use partition tables to implement horizontal partitioning.
For example, you can create a monthly partitioned order table:
CREATE TABLE orders (
id INT,
order_date DATE,
...
) PARTITION BY RANGE( YEAR(order_date) * 100 + MONTH(order_date) ) (
PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (202301),
PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (202302),
...
);Database horizontal and vertical scaling
Database expansion is another strategy to deal with the growth of data volume. According to the expansion direction, database expansion can be divided into horizontal expansion and vertical expansion.
Horizontal scaling, also known as scaling out, refers to adding more servers to share the load. This is usually achieved through partitioning, replication, clustering, or load balancing. Horizontal scaling can increase the capacity and throughput of a database, but may increase complexity and management costs.
Vertical scaling, also known as vertical scaling, refers to increasing the hardware performance of a single server (such as CPU, memory, storage). This can usually improve database performance and response time, but may reach physical limitations of the hardware.
Summarize
In this blog, we explore MySQL's high availability and scaling strategies, including master-slave replication and read-write separation, MySQL clustering and load balancing, distributed database architecture, and horizontal and vertical scaling of databases.
Each topic contains code examples to help you better understand and apply these strategies and techniques.
While these strategies and techniques may seem a bit complicated to beginners, once you get to know them, you will find that they are very powerful tools that can help you manage and scale your database more effectively.
The above is personal experience. I hope you can give you a reference and I hope you can support me more.