Statistical analysis in R is performed by using many built-in functions. Most of these functions are part of the R basic package. These functions take R vectors as inputs and parameters and give the result.
The functions we discuss in this chapter are mean, median, and patterns.
Mean average
By finding the sum of the data set and then dividing it by the total sum of the sum number, we get the average value
The function means() is used to calculate the average value in R language.
grammar
The basic syntax for calculating the average in R is
mean(x, trim = 0, = FALSE, ...)
The following is a description of the parameters used
- x is the input vector.
- trim is used to discard some observations from both ends of the sorted vector.
- Used to remove missing values from the input vector.
example
# Create a vector. x <- c(12,7,3,4.2,18,2,54,-21,8,-5) # Find Mean. <- mean(x) print()
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result
[1] 8.22
Apply trimming options
When a trim parameter is provided, the values in the vector are sorted and the required observations are then subtracted from the calculated average.
When trim = 0.3, the 3 values from each end will be subtracted from the calculation to find the mean.
In this case, the sorted vector is (-21, -5, 2, 3, 4.2, 7, 8, 12, 18, 54), and the values removed from the vector used to calculate the mean are (-21, -5, 2) from the left and (12, 18, 54) from the right.
# Create a vector. x <- c(12,7,3,4.2,18,2,54,-21,8,-5) # Find Mean. <- mean(x,trim = 0.3) print()
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result
[1] 5.55
Apply NA Options
If there are missing values, the average function returns NA.
To remove missing values from calculations, use =TRUE. This means removing the NA value.
# Create a vector. x <- c(12,7,3,4.2,18,2,54,-21,8,-5,NA) # Find mean. <- mean(x) print() # Find mean dropping NA values. <- mean(x, = TRUE) print()
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result
[1] NA [1] 8.22
Median Median
The middlemost value in the data series is called the median. Use the median() function to calculate this value in R language.
grammar
The basic syntax for calculating medians of R is
median(x, = FALSE)
The following is a description of the parameters used
- x is the input vector.
- Used to remove missing values from the input vector.
example
# Create the vector. x <- c(12,7,3,4.2,18,2,54,-21,8,-5) # Find the median. <- median(x) print()
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result
[1] 5.6
Mode mode
A pattern is the value that appears the most frequently in a set of data. Unike average and median, the pattern can contain both numeric and character data.
R language does not have standard built-in functions to calculate patterns. Therefore, we create a user function to calculate the schema of data sets in R language. This function takes a vector as input and a pattern value as output.
example
# Create the function.
getmode <- function(v) {
uniqv <- unique(v)
uniqv[(tabulate(match(v, uniqv)))]
}
# Create the vector with numbers.
v <- c(2,1,2,3,1,2,3,4,1,5,5,3,2,3)
# Calculate the mode using the user function.
result <- getmode(v)
print(result)
# Create the vector with characters.
charv <- c("o","it","the","it","it")
# Calculate the mode using the user function.
result <- getmode(charv)
print(result)
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result
[1] 2 [1] "it"
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